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203
MIDI Implementation
Appendices
■ Decimal/Hexadecimal Table (hexadecimal values
are indicated by a following “H”)
MIDI uses 7-bit hexadecimal values to indicate data values and the address and size of
exclusive messages. The following table shows the correspondence between decimal and
hexadecimal numbers.
+——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————+
| D | H || D | H || D | H || D | H |
+——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————+
| 0 | 00H || 32 | 20H || 64 | 40H || 96 | 60H |
| 1 | 01H || 33 | 21H || 65 | 41H || 97 | 61H |
| 2 | 02H || 34 | 22H || 66 | 42H || 98 | 62H |
| 3 | 03H || 35 | 23H || 67 | 43H || 99 | 63H |
| 4 | 04H || 36 | 24H || 68 | 44H || 100 | 64H |
| 5 | 05H || 37 | 25H || 69 | 45H || 101 | 65H |
| 6 | 06H || 38 | 26H || 70 | 46H || 102 | 66H |
| 7 | 07H || 39 | 27H || 71 | 47H || 103 | 67H |
| 8 | 08H || 40 | 28H || 72 | 48H || 104 | 68H |
| 9 | 09H || 41 | 29H || 73 | 49H || 105 | 69H |
| 10 | 0AH || 42 | 2AH || 74 | 4AH || 106 | 6AH |
| 11 | 0BH || 43 | 2BH || 75 | 4BH || 107 | 6BH |
| 12 | 0CH || 44 | 2CH || 76 | 4CH || 108 | 6CH |
| 13 | 0DH || 45 | 2DH || 77 | 4DH || 109 | 6DH |
| 14 | 0EH || 46 | 2EH || 78 | 4EH || 110 | 6EH |
| 15 | 0FH || 47 | 2FH || 79 | 4FH || 111 | 6FH |
| 16 | 10H || 48 | 30H || 80 | 50H || 112 | 70H |
| 17 | 11H || 49 | 31H || 81 | 51H || 113 | 71H |
| 18 | 12H || 50 | 32H || 82 | 52H || 114 | 72H |
| 19 | 13H || 51 | 33H || 83 | 53H || 115 | 73H |
| 20 | 14H || 52 | 34H || 84 | 54H || 116 | 74H |
| 21 | 15H || 53 | 35H || 85 | 55H || 117 | 75H |
| 22 | 16H || 54 | 36H || 86 | 56H || 118 | 76H |
| 23 | 17H || 55 | 37H || 87 | 57H || 119 | 77H |
| 24 | 18H || 56 | 38H || 88 | 58H || 120 | 78H |
| 25 | 19H || 57 | 39H || 89 | 59H || 121 | 79H |
| 26 | 1AH || 58 | 3AH || 90 | 5AH || 122 | 7AH |
| 27 | 1BH || 59 | 3BH || 91 | 5BH || 123 | 7BH |
| 28 | 1CH || 60 | 3CH || 92 | 5CH || 124 | 7CH |
| 29 | 1DH || 61 | 3DH || 93 | 5DH || 125 | 7DH |
| 30 | 1EH || 62 | 3EH || 94 | 5EH || 126 | 7EH |
| 31 | 1FH || 63 | 3FH || 95 | 5FH || 127 | 7FH |
+——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————+
D: decimal
H: hexadecimal
* Decimal expressions such as used for MIDI channel, Bank Select, and Program Change
will be the value 1 greater than the decimal value given in the above table.
* Since each MIDI byte carries 7 significant data bits, each byte can express a maximum of
128 different values. Data for which higher resolution is required must be transmitted
using two or more bytes. For example a value indicated as a two-byte value of aa bbH
would have a value of aa x 128 + bb.
* For a signed number (+/-), 00H = -64, 40H = +/-0, and 7FH = +63. I.e., the decimal
equivalent will be 64 less than the decimal value given in the above table. For a two-byte
signed number, 00 00H = -8192, 40 00H = +/-0, and 7F 7FH = +8191. For example the
decimal expression of aa bbH would be aa bbH - 40 00H = (aa x 128 + bb - 64 x 128.
* Hexadecimal notation in two 4-bit units is used for data indicated as “nibbled”. The
nibbled two-byte value of 0a 0b H would be a x 16 + b.
<Example 1> What is the decimal equivalent of 5AH?
From the above table, 5AH = 90.
<Example 2> What is the decimal equivalent of the 7-bit hexadecimal values 12 34H?
From the above table, 12H = 18 and 34H = 52
Thus, 18 x 128 + 52 = 2356
<Example 3> What is the decimal equivalent of the nibbled expression 0A 03 09 0DH?
From the above table, 0AH = 10, 03H = 3, 09H = 9, 0DH = 13
Thus, the result is ((10 x 16 + 3) x 16 + 9) x 16 + 13 = 41885
<Example 4> What is the nibbled equivalent of the decimal number 1258?
16 ) 1258
16 ) 78...10
16 ) 4...14
0... 4
From the above table, 0=00H, 4=04H, 14=0EH, 10=0AH
Thus the result is 00 04 0E 0AH
■ Examples of Actual MIDI Messages
<Example 1> 92 3E 5F
9n is the Note On status and `n' is the MIDI channel number. Since 2H = 2, 3EH = 62, and
5FH = 95, this is a Note On message of MIDI CH = 3, note number 62 (note name D4) and
velocity 95.
<Example 2> CE 49
CnH is the Program Change status and `n' is the MIDI channel number. Since EH = 14, and
49H = 73, this is a Program Change message of MIDI CH = 15, Program number 74 (in the
GS sound map, Flute).
<Example 3> EA 00 28
EnH is the Pitch Bend Change status and `n' is the MIDI channel number. The 2nd byte
(00H=0) is the LSB of the Pitch Bend value, and the 3rd byte (28H=40) is the MSB. However
since the Pitch Bend is a signed number with 0 at 40 00H ( = 64 x 128 + 0 = 8192), the Pitch
Bend value in this case is
28 00H - 40 00H = 40 x 128 + 0 - (64 x 128 + 0) = 5120 - 8192 = -3072
If we assume that the Pitch Bend Sensitivity is set to two semitones, the pitch will change
only -200 cents for a Pitch Bend value of -8192 (00 00H). Thus, this message is specifying a
Pitch Bend of -200 x (-3072) / (-8192) = -75 cents on MIDI CH = 11.
<Example 4> B3 64 00 65 00 06 0C 26 00 64 7F 65 7F
BnH is the Control Change status, and `n' is the MIDI channel number. In Control Change
messages, the 2nd byte is the controller number, and the 3rd byte is the parameter value.
MIDI allows what is known as “running status,” when if messages of the the same status
follow each other, it is permitted to omit the second and following status bytes. In the
message above, running status is being used, meaning that the message has the following
content.
B3 64 00 MIDI CH = 4, RPN parameter number LSB: 00H
(B3) 65 00 MIDI CH = 4, RPN parameter number MSB: 00H
(B3) 06 0C MIDI CH = 4, parameter value MSB: 0CH
(B3) 26 00 MIDI CH = 4, parameter value LSB: 00H
(B3) 64 7F MIDI CH = 4, RPN parameter number LSB: 7FH
(B3) 65 7F MIDI CH = 4, RPN parameter number MSB: 7FH
Thus, this message transmits a parameter value of 0C 00H to RPN parameter number 00
00H on MIDI CH = 4, and then sets the RPN parameter number to 7F 7FH.
The function assigned to RPN parameter number 00 00H is Pitch Bend Sensitivity, and the
MSB of the parameter value indicates semitone steps. Since the MSB of this parameter value
is 0CH = 12, the maximum width of pitch bend is being set to [+-]12 semitones (1 octave)
(GS sound sources ignore the LSB of Pitch Bend Sensitivity, but it is best to transmit the LSB
(parameter value 0) as well, so that the message can be correctly received by any device.
Once the parameter number has been set for RPN or NRPN, all subsequent Data Entry
messages on that channel will be effective. Thus, it is recommended that after you have
made the change you want, you set the parameter number to 7F 7FH (an “unset” or “null”
setting). The final (B3) 64 7F (B3) 65 7F is for this purpose.
It is not a good idea to store many events within the data of a song (e.g., a Standard MIDI
File song) using running status as shown in <Example 4>. When the song is paused, fast-
forwarded or rewound, the sequencer may not be able to transmit the proper status, causing
the sound source to misinterpret the data. It is best to attach the proper status byte to all
events.
It is also important to transmit RPN or NRPN parameter number settings and parameter
values in the correct order. In some sequencers, data events recorded in the same clock (or a
nearby clock) can sometimes be transmitted in an order other than the order in which they
were recorded. It is best to record such events at an appropriate interval (1 tick at TPQN=96,
or 5 ticks at TPQN=480).
* TPQN: Ticks Per Quarter Note (i.e., the time resolution of the sequencer)
- OWNER’S MANUAL 1
- IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS 2
- SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS 2
- USING THE UNIT SAFELY 4
- Important Notes 5
- Contents 10
- Main Features 11
- Front and Rear Panel 12
- ■ Rear Panel 14
- Quick Start 15
- Getting Ready 16
- “Turning On the Power” (p 18
- “Turning Off 19
- Outil d'installation 22
- “Turning 23
- Off the Power” (p. 26) et 23
- Making Connections 24
- “Connecting to Your 25
- Computer” (p. 134) 25
- Turning On the Power 26
- (Factory Reset) 27
- Listening to the Demo Song 28
- ■ Profile of the Composer 29
- Playing the Sounds 30
- (Patch Search Function) 32
- Try Out Performance Functions 34
- ■ Hold Pedal 35
- ■ Expression Pedal 35
- ■ Portamento 35
- 516 2,4,5,7 36
- Advanced Use 39
- XP-30 Configuration 40
- Performance 41
- Basic Operation 42
- ■ About the Function Buttons 43
- ■ About the Cursor Buttons 44
- ■ Modifying a Value 45
- ■ Assigning a Name 46
- Chapter 2. Playing 47
- Chapter 2 49
- Playing in Performance Mode 51
- ■ Playing Along with a Song 53
- Playback (XP-30 Used as a 53
- Multitimbral Sound Source) 53
- Sound in Realtime 54
- (Sound Palette Function) 54
- Playing in Rhythm Set Mode 55
- Playing an Arpeggio 56
- ■ Playing an Arpeggio Over a 57
- Preset Keyboard Area 57
- Using a Hold Pedal 58
- Convenient Functions for 59
- Semitone Steps (Transpose) 60
- Note Does Not Sound (Panic) 60
- Regarding Effects 61
- Sound Editing Procedures 62
- Note on Tone Editing 64
- ■ Editing a Performance 65
- ■ Editing a Rhythm Set 66
- Keeping Edited Sound 67
- Functions of Patch Parameters 68
- VELOCITY (Velocity Range) 69
- KEY RANG (Key Range) 70
- STRUCT (Structure) 70
- (EFFECTS) 71
- PATCH CHORUS 72
- Sounds Are Played (CONTROL) 73
- RxSWITCH (Receive Switch) 74
- PEAK & HOLD 74
- CONTROL SOURCE 75
- CONTROL 1–3 75
- ■ Modifying Waveform (WAVE) 76
- ■ Modulating Sounds (LFO) 78
- ■ Modifying Pitch (PITCH) 79
- Frequency 80
- T1 T2 T3 T4 81
- LOWER&UPPER 82
- LOWER UPPER 82
- Functions of Performance 83
- Parameters 83
- ■ Setting Effects for a 84
- Performance (EFFECTS) 84
- PERFORM CHORUS 85
- PERFORM REVERB 85
- ■ Controlling How a Rhythm 90
- Tone will Sound with 90
- Controllers (CONTROL) 90
- ■ Modifying Waveform of a 90
- Rhythm Tone (WAVE) 90
- ■ Changing the Volume and 92
- Stereo Location of a Rhythm 92
- Tone (TVA) 92
- Multi-Effects Types 93
- (EFX Parameter) 93
- 4: PHASER 94
- 5: SPECTRUM 94
- 6: ENHANCER 94
- 7: AUTO-WAH 95
- 8: ROTARY 95
- 9: COMPRESSOR 96
- 10: LIMITER 96
- 11: HEXA-CHORUS 96
- 15: STEREO-FLANGER 98
- 16: STEP-FLANGER 98
- 17: STEREO-DELAY 99
- 18: MODULATION-DELAY 99
- 19: TRIPLE-TAP-DELAY 100
- Chapter 3 101
- 20: QUADRUPLE-TAP-DELAY 101
- 21: TIME-CONTROL-DELAY 101
- 22: 2VOICE-PITCH-SHIFTER 102
- 23: FBK-PITCH-SHIFTER 102
- (Feedback Pitch Shifter) 102
- 27: OVERDRIVE→FLANGER 104
- 28: OVERDRIVE→DELAY 104
- 29: DISTORTION→CHORUS 104
- 34: ENHANCER→DELAY 106
- 35: CHORUS→DELAY 106
- 36: FLANGER→DELAY 106
- XP-30 Operating Environment 108
- Setup (System Parameters 108
- ■ Keyboard and Controllers 110
- Settings (CONTROL) 110
- ■ MIDI Settings (MIDI) 112
- ■ Phrase Preview Settings 113
- (PREVIEW) 113
- ■ Adjusting Tuning (TUNE) 113
- ■ Program Change (PGM CHNG) 114
- Installation Status of Wave 114
- Expansion Boards (INFO) 114
- About Utility/Card Mode 115
- Basic Procedure in Utility/ 115
- Card Mode 115
- Storing Sound Data in User 116
- Memory (WRITE) 116
- Copying Sound Source 117
- Settings (COPY) 117
- ■ Rhythm Set Copy 118
- Initializing Sound Source 119
- Settings (INIT) 119
- Transmitting Sound Settings 119
- ■ Transmitting Data to User 120
- Preventing User Memory 121
- Writing Operation (PROTECT) 121
- Memory Card-Related 121
- Settings (CARD) 121
- Loading a File from Memory 122
- Card into the XP-30 (LOAD) 122
- Saving Data to Memory Card 122
- Recalling Factory Default 123
- Settings (FACTORY RESET) 123
- Entering GM Mode 124
- Modifying GM Mode Settings 125
- GM CHORUS 126
- GM REVERB 126
- Convenient Functions in GM 127
- Mode (GM Utility) 127
- ■ Initializing GM Mode (INIT) 128
- Techniques for Using Patches 129
- Using the XP-30 to Play Live 131
- Using External MIDI Devices 132
- Chapter 6 133
- Selecting Patches 133
- Selecting Performances 133
- Selecting Rhythm Sets 133
- Apple Macintosh 134
- ■ Disconnecting the Keyboard 137
- (Local OFF) 137
- Appendices 139
- Troubleshooting 140
- Error Messages 142
- Quick Reference of Procedures 143
- ■ Controller Settings 144
- ■ Saving and Loading Data 145
- ■ Controlling External MIDI 145
- External MIDI Device 146
- Parameter List 147
- CONTROL Group (p. 73) 148
- WAVE Group (p. 76) 148
- LFO Group (p. 78) 148
- ■ Performance Parameters 150
- ■ Rhythm Set Parameters 151
- ■ GM Mode Parameters 153
- ■ EFX Parameters 154
- ■ System Parameters 158
- Waveform List 160
- INT-B (Internal B) 161
- ● XP-A Menu Waveforms 163
- ● XP-C Menu Waveforms 166
- Patch List 168
- ■ B.P.M. CONVERSION TABLE 174
- Rhythm Set List 177
- Performance List 181
- Arpeggio Style List 182
- MIDI Implementation 183
- 3. Parameter Address Map 190
- 4. Supplementary Material 199
- 10 02 00 00H 204
- 00 00H Patch Common 204
- MIDI Implementation Chart 206
- Specifications 207
- For PC (25-pin) 208
- Apparatus containing 215
- Lithium batteries 215
- Information 216
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